To fill the research gap, a field study of adaptive thermal comfort was carried out in twelve NV hostel buildings in a composite climate of India, six from each of the two case cities, Jalandhar and Jaipur, respectively. In India, there is a scarcity of field data reported on occupant's comfort preferences and expectations in multi-storey naturally ventilated (NV) hostel buildings over the last three decades. Thus, the study evidenced the presence of energy poverty and overheated interiors in the IDPs residences in hot tropics of Sri Lanka. This detrimental combination of fuel poverty, Lack of thermal comfort, and unacceptable indoor air quality has been a significant factor for 62 % of the residences reporting at least one type of illness and being more prone to cardiovascular and respiratory disorders (37 %).

Predicted mean vote (PMV) was 1.29 explains warm sensation with predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD) 44.1 % not complying to ASHRARE 55 standards. Severity of heat stress informed by modified wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) reporting 90 % (28‐31 ℃) of households facing higher risk of heat strain while remaining 10 % (>31 ℃) are in hazardous situation. People tend to exhibit behavioral adjustments to cope up with prevailing extreme temperatures. Findings explicitly revealed the presence of overheated spaces with mean thermal preference of -0.6 conveying the need of cooler indoor environment. Residents have marginal (29 %) access to clean fuels for cooking and accountable for an abnormal particle count of 360 951 particles per cubic centimeter. The study found that IDP were suffering from hidden energy poverty, with mean electricity consumption of 52 kWh per household per month.

Field investigations consisted of personal monitoring, questionnaire surveying and physical measurements in four clusters of rehabilitation residence programmes in four regions. This study focused on the effect of energy poverty on occupant comfort in determining the quality of life of people and adaptive behaviors to manage heat strain in overheated interiors of rehabilitated residences in Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka has not yet prioritized the health and wellbeing of households in building designing, with the emerging heat island effect making the lives more desperate for IDP. Internally displaced people due to conflict and violence were estimated as 41.3 million in 55 countries as the end of the year 2019, the highest figure ever recorded. The mean and the recorded indoor range temperatures seem to have effect in the prediction of comfort temperature. The indoor comfort temperature was close to the recorded mean indoor air temperature of all responses having a difference of about 0.7 ☌. The predicted temperature was found to be nearly 30 ☌ regardless of the adopted approach. The comfort temperature was determined using various approaches. Air temperature was chosen as an index for the indoor thermal comfort. Multiple and stepwise regressions were applied for the selection of the independent variable for neutral temperature prediction. In the aim to assess the comfort temperature in residential buildings in the hot-humid tropics, each analyzed variable was thoroughly compared with the results of two field studies located in the hot-humid tropics, one conducted in Jakarta by Feriadi and Wong and the second in Singapore by de Dear et al. The clothing insulation ensemble and metabolic rate of the occupants were also characterized. The hot-humid indoor climates of the surveyed buildings have been described and analyzed in terms of air temperature, globe temperature, relative humidity, wind velocity. A total of 890 responses over one year were gathered. An extensive field study has been carried out in non-air-conditioned residences in Kota Kinabalu city, in Malaysia for the prediction and evaluation of the effect of the indoor thermal environment on occupants' thermal comfort.

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